Lymphedema develops gradually and is typically classified into four stages, each reflecting the severity and progression of the condition.

The lymphatic system is a vital part of your immune system, made up of tissues and organs that help defend the body against infection. It circulates lymph fluid—rich in white blood cells—throughout the body to help detect and fight off harmful invaders.

Lymphedema is a chronic condition that causes swelling, usually in the arms or legs, due to a disruption in lymphatic flow. When the lymphatic system is unable to drain properly, fluid builds up under the skin, leading to inflammation, fat buildup, and hardening of the skin over time.

• Primary lymphedema is the result of genetic or developmental abnormalities in the lymphatic system and often appears during childhood or adolescence. When it develops later in life, it’s known as lymphedema tarda.

• Secondary lymphedema occurs due to damage from external factors such as surgery (especially cancer-related), radiation therapy, infections, or physical trauma.

• Swelling in one or more limbs

• A feeling of tightness or heaviness in the affected area

• Limited range of motion

• Recurrent infections with redness and fever

• Fat accumulation in the swollen limb

• Hardening or thickening of the skin

Lymphedema is usually diagnosed through a clinical examination. Doctors may monitor the condition by measuring limb circumference and volume over time. Advanced imaging tools—like lymphoscintigraphy, indocyanine green (ICG) scans, and MRI—can assess lymphatic function and identify fluid or fat buildup under the skin.

Currently, there is no definitive cure for lymphedema. However, both conservative and surgical treatments are available to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. (See Treatment Options for more information.)

• Keep your skin moisturized to prevent dryness

• Trim nails carefully to avoid ingrown nails

• Avoid tight-fitting clothing, bras, or sleeves

• Refrain from lifting heavy objects for long periods

• Pace yourself during daily chores to prevent overexertion

• Avoid injections and acupuncture in the affected limb

• Elevate the swollen limb regularly

• Wear compression garments during flights or physical activity

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